What is Tourette Syndrome (TS)
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is thought to be an inherited, neurological disorder characterized by repetitive and involuntary movements and vocalizations known as tics. Tics are sudden, rapid, and stereotyped movements or vocalizations that occur repeatedly. These tics can range from simple and brief movements or sounds (motor or vocal tics) to more complex and coordinated actions involving multiple muscle groups or words and phrases (complex motor or vocal tics). It's important to note that the severity and combination of symptoms can vary widely among individuals with TS.
While the cause of TS remains uncertain, research suggests that a combination of genetic and environmental factors may contribute to its development. Genetic predisposition seems to play a role, as TS tends to run in families. However, specific genes associated with TS have not been definitively identified.
While there is no cure for TS, various treatment approaches, including behavioral therapies, medications, and supportive interventions, can help manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life for those affected by the condition.
TS is often misunderstood as a condition which makes people swear, or say socially inappropriate things. Although it is true that ‘coprolalia’ – the clinical term for involuntary swearing – is a symptom of TS, it only affects a minority of people. 90% of people with TS do not have coprolalia.
It's important to note that not all individuals with TS require medical intervention.
It is estimated that TS affects one school child in every hundred. As with other neurological conditions, TS is more prevelant in boys.
Currently there is no technology that can predict how TS might affect someone long-term. It is thought that approximately half of children with a TS diagnosis will see a significant reduction in their symptoms as they approach adulthood. For some people, living with TS will continue throughout their life, but symptoms are likely to wax and wane (a term often used to describe the coming and going of tics).
A 2018 research study looking at the 'Long-term follow up of patients with Tourette Syndrome concluded that the findings reflect "a positive overall long term prognosis for individuals with TS". You can read more about this research here.
Types of Tics:
Copropraxia – repeating obscene gestures
Echopraxia – imitating actions of others
Coprolalia – saying inappropriate things at inappropriate times
Palilalia – repeating their own words
Echolalia – repeating sounds or words said by others
Material sourced from The National Organisation for Rare Disorders, USA.
Comorbidities
Up to 85 percent of people with TS have more than just tics. Co-occurring symptoms may include obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anger/rages and anxiety. When a person presents with tics and co-occurring symptoms this is clinically referred to as ‘mixed neurodevelopment symptoms’. Such additional symptoms may cause more problems than tics as they can be less visible
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Many individuals with TS may also experience obsessive thoughts and engage in compulsive behaviors, such as repetitive actions or rituals.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Individuals with TS are at an increased risk of developing ADHD, characterized by difficulties with attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Anxiety and Mood Disorders: Anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder, as well as mood disorders like depression, may commonly co-occur with TS.
Behavioral and Emotional Issues: People with TS might experience difficulties with impulse control, anger management, and emotional regulation.
Sensory Sensitivities: Heightened sensitivities to sensory stimuli, such as touch, sound, or light, are common in individuals with TS.
Sleep Disorders: Sleep-related issues, such as insomnia or sleep disturbances, may also be associated with TS.